深入理解ThreadLocal及其变种

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羽尘
羽尘 2022-03-04 15:56:05
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深入理解ThreadLocal及其变种

ThreadLocal

定义

ThreadLocal很容易让人望文生义,想当然地认为是一个“本地线程”。

其实,ThreadLocal并不是一个Thread,而是Thread的局部变量,也许把它命名为ThreadLocalVariable更容易让人理解一些。

各个线程的ThreadLocal关联的实例互不干扰。特征:

  • ThreadLocal表示线程的"局部变量",它确保每个线程的ThreadLocal变量都是各自独立的
  • ThreadLocal适合在一个线程的处理流程中保持上下文(避免了同一参数在所有方法中传递)
  • 使用ThreadLocal要用try ... finally结构,并在finally中清除

常用方法

  • set:为当前线程设置变量,当前ThreadLocal作为索引
  • get:获取当前线程变量,当前ThreadLocal作为索引
  • initialValue:(需要子类实现,默认mull)执行get时,发现线程本地变量为null,就会执行initialValue的内容
  • remove:清空当前线程的ThreadLocal索引与映射的元素

底层结构及逻辑

Thread对象的属性

public class Thread implements Runnable {    // .....    ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap threadLocals = null;    // .....    ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap inheritableThreadLocals = null;}

ThreadLocalMap对象

public class ThreadLocal<T> {	// .....	    static class ThreadLocalMap {        static class Entry extends WeakReference<ThreadLocal<?>> {            /** The value associated with this ThreadLocal. */            Object value;            Entry(ThreadLocal<?> k, Object v) {                super(k);                value = v;            }        }        /**         * The initial capacity -- MUST be a power of two.         */        private static final int INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;        /**         * The table, resized as necessary.         * table.length MUST always be a power of two.         */        private Entry[] table;        /**         * The number of entries in the table.         */        private int size = 0;        /**         * The next size value at which to resize.         */        private int threshold; // Default to 0        /**         * Set the resize threshold to maintain at worst a 2/3 load factor.         */        private void setThreshold(int len) {            threshold = len * 2 / 3;        }        /**         * Increment i modulo len.         */        private static int nextIndex(int i, int len) {            return ((i + 1 < len) ? i + 1 : 0);        }        /**         * Decrement i modulo len.         */        private static int prevIndex(int i, int len) {            return ((i - 1 >= 0) ? i - 1 : len - 1);        }    }    }

set值流程

源码摘要:

// java.lang.ThreadLocal#setpublic void set(T value) {    Thread t = Thread.currentThread();    // map惰性创建    ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);    if (map != null)        map.set(this, value);    else        createMap(t, value);}void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) {    t.threadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue);}

重点来关注下 java.lang.ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap#set 方法

private void set(ThreadLocal<?> key, Object value) {    Entry[] tab = table;    int len = tab.length;    // 根据ThreadLocal对象的hash值,定位到table中的位置i    int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len - 1);    for (Entry e = tab[i];         e != null;         e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {        ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();                // 如果位置i不为空,且这个Entry对象的key正好是即将设置的key,那么就覆盖Entry中的value        if (k == key) {            e.value = value;            return;        }                // 如果当前位置是空的,就初始化一个Entry对象放在位置i上        if (k == null) {            // 里面会调到 expungeStaleEntry             replaceStaleEntry(key, value, i);            return;        }                // 如果位置i的不为空,而且key不等于entry,那就找下一个空位置,直到为空为止    }        tab[i] = new Entry(key, value);    int sz = ++size;    if (!cleanSomeSlots(i, sz) && sz >= threshold)        rehash();}

结合代码,set的过程如下图

冲突解决

线性探测的方式解决hash冲突的问题,如果没有找到空闲的slot,就不断往后尝试,直到找到一个空闲的位置,插入entry

get流程

源码摘要:

// java.lang.ThreadLocal#getpublic T get() {    Thread t = Thread.currentThread();    ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);    if (map != null) {        ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);        if (e != null) {            T result = (T)e.value;            return result;        }    }    return setInitialValue();// 调用initialValue方法}
// java.lang.ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap#getEntryprivate Entry getEntry(ThreadLocal<?> key) {    int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (table.length - 1);    Entry e = table[i];    if (e != null && e.get() == key)        return e;    else        // 可能是没有,或者hash冲突了        return getEntryAfterMiss(key, i, e);}private Entry getEntryAfterMiss(ThreadLocal<?> key, int i, Entry e) {    Entry[] tab = table;    int len = tab.length;    // get的时候一样是根据ThreadLocal获取到table的i值,然后查找数据拿到后会对比key是否相等    while (e != null) {        ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();        // 相等就直接返回,不相等就继续查找,找到相等位置。        if (k == key)            return e;        if (k == null)            // 清理回收无效value、entry            expungeStaleEntry(i);        else            i = nextIndex(i, len);        e = tab[i];    }    return null;}

弱引用

static class Entry extends WeakReference<ThreadLocal<?>> {    /** The value associated with this ThreadLocal. */    Object value;    Entry(ThreadLocal<?> k, Object v) {        super(k);        value = v;    }}

为什么使用弱引用?

弱引用的特点:弱引用的对象拥有更短暂的生命周期。垃圾回收器线程扫描的时候,一旦发现了具有弱引用的对象,不管当前内存空间足够与否,都会回收它的内存。

结合到这里的场景,当ThreadLocal在没有外部强引用的时候,一旦发生gc,key就会被回收。

内存泄露问题

因为有了弱引用,可以确保Entry的key会被内存回收掉。但是Entry的value和Entry对象本身还是没有得到回收。

如果ThreadLocal的线程一直保持运行,那么这个Entry对象中的value就有可能一直得不到回收,发生内存泄露。

解决办法:在finally里面调用remove方法

扩展

InheritableThreadLocal

InheritableThreadLocal 是 JDK 本身自带的一种线程传递解决方案,以完成父线程到子线程的值传递。在创建子线程的时候,就把父线程的ThreadLocal的内容复制过去。

// java.lang.Thread#init(java.lang.ThreadGroup, java.lang.Runnable, java.lang.String, long, java.security.AccessControlContext, boolean)private void init(ThreadGroup g, Runnable target, String name,                      long stackSize, AccessControlContext acc,                      boolean inheritThreadLocals) {    // ...    if (inheritThreadLocals && parent.inheritableThreadLocals != null)        // 复制父线程的InheritableThreadLocal内容        this.inheritableThreadLocals = ThreadLocal.createInheritedMap(parent.inheritableThreadLocals);        // ...}// java.lang.ThreadLocal#createInheritedMapstatic ThreadLocalMap createInheritedMap(ThreadLocalMap parentMap) {    return new ThreadLocalMap(parentMap);}private ThreadLocalMap(ThreadLocalMap parentMap) {    Entry[] parentTable = parentMap.table;    int len = parentTable.length;    setThreshold(len);    table = new Entry[len];    for (int j = 0; j < len; j++) {        Entry e = parentTable[j];        if (e != null) {            ThreadLocal<Object> key = (ThreadLocal<Object>) e.get();            if (key != null) {                // 这里的value 是同一个对象                Object value = key.childValue(e.value);                Entry c = new Entry(key, value);                int h = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len - 1);                while (table[h] != null)                    h = nextIndex(h, len);                table[h] = c;                size++;            }        }    }}

不过,子线程ThreadLocalMap里的Entry.value指向的对象和父线程是同一个

特殊场景下的缺陷

在线程池的场景下,线程由线程池创建好,并且线程是池化起来反复使用的;这时父子线程关系的ThreadLocal值传递已经没有意义。比如:

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {    // 线程池提前创建好    ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);    // 提前创建了一个子线程 [pool-1-thread-1]    executorService.submit(() -> {        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());    });    Thread.sleep(1000);    InheritableThreadLocal<String> threadLocal = new InheritableThreadLocal();    threadLocal.set("start");    System.out.println(threadLocal.get());    // 后续,[pool-1-thread-1]线程的ThreadLocal值永远是null    executorService.submit(() -> {        System.out.println(threadLocal.get() + "   ->   " + Thread.currentThread().getName());    });    executorService.submit(() -> {        System.out.println(threadLocal.get() + "   ->   " + Thread.currentThread().getName());    });    executorService.submit(() -> {        System.out.println(threadLocal.get() + "   ->   " + Thread.currentThread().getName());    });    Thread.sleep(100);    System.out.println(threadLocal.get());    executorService.shutdown();}// 输出结果pool-1-thread-1startstart   ->   pool-1-thread-2start   ->   pool-1-thread-2null   ->   pool-1-thread-1start

尤其是现在都是基于框架开发,线程池一般在项目启动的时候,就创建好了。业务代码提交执行任务的时候,如果复用之前的线程,那么值就没传到子线程中去!

像这种情况,我们至少要求 把任务提交给线程池时 的ThreadLocal值传递到执行线程中。TransmittableThreadLocal的出现就是为了解决这个问题。

TransmittableThreadLocal

TransmittableThreadLocal是Alibaba开源的一个类,它继承了InheritableThreadLocal。能实现在线程池和主线程之间传递,需要配合TtlRunnable 和 TtlCallable使用。

使用示例

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {    // 线程池提前创建好    ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);    // 提前创建了一个子线程 [pool-1-thread-1]    executorService.submit(() -> {        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());    });    Thread.sleep(1000);    TransmittableThreadLocal<String> threadLocal = new TransmittableThreadLocal();    threadLocal.set("start");    System.out.println(threadLocal.get());    // 每次提交时都需要通过修饰操作(即TtlRunnable.get(task))以抓取这次提交时的TransmittableThreadLocal上下文的值    executorService.submit(TtlRunnable.get(() -> {        System.out.println(threadLocal.get() + "   ->   " + Thread.currentThread().getName());    }));    executorService.submit(TtlRunnable.get(() -> {        System.out.println(threadLocal.get() + "   ->   " + Thread.currentThread().getName());    }));    executorService.submit(TtlRunnable.get(() -> {        System.out.println(threadLocal.get() + "   ->   " + Thread.currentThread().getName());    }));    Thread.sleep(100);    System.out.println(threadLocal.get());    executorService.shutdown();}// 输出结果pool-1-thread-1startstart   ->   pool-1-thread-1start   ->   pool-1-thread-2start   ->   pool-1-thread-1start

整个过程的完整时序图

修饰线程池

使用TTL的时候,每次提交任务时,都需要用TtlRunnable 或者 TtlCallable对任务修饰一下。这个修饰逻辑可以再线程池中完成。

通过工具类com.alibaba.ttl.threadpool.TtlExecutors完成,有下面的方法:

  • getTtlExecutor:修饰接口Executor
  • getTtlExecutorService:修饰接口ExecutorService
  • getTtlScheduledExecutorService:修饰接口ScheduledExecutorService

示例代码:

ExecutorService executorService = ...// 额外的处理,生成修饰了的对象executorServiceexecutorService = TtlExecutors.getTtlExecutorService(executorService);TransmittableThreadLocal<String> context = new TransmittableThreadLocal<>();// =====================================================// 在父线程中设置context.set("value-set-in-parent");Runnable task = new RunnableTask();Callable call = new CallableTask();executorService.submit(task);executorService.submit(call);// =====================================================// Task或是Call中可以读取,值是"value-set-in-parent"String value = context.get();

FastThreadLocal

前面分析了ThreadLocal的get和set,当遇到hash冲突的时候,会以nextIndex计算下一个位置的方式来解决hash冲突。

使用线性探测的方式解决hash冲突的问题,如果没有找到空闲的slot,就不断往后尝试,直到找到一个空闲的位置,插入entry,这种方式在经常遇到hash冲突时,影响效率。

鉴于此,netty提供了FastThreadLocal。与之配套的还有FastThreadLocalThread和FastThreadLocalRunnable。

创建FastThreadLocal对象的时候,直接把位置index(使用AtomicInteger实现)确定下来。每个FastThreadLocal都能获取到一个不重复的下标

public FastThreadLocal() {    index = InternalThreadLocalMap.nextVariableIndex();}public static int nextVariableIndex() {    int index = nextIndex.getAndIncrement();    if (index < 0) {        nextIndex.decrementAndGet();        throw new IllegalStateException("too many thread-local indexed variables");    }    return index;}

不过,FastThreadLocal需要配合FastThreadLocalThread使用,才能发挥它的效率。

public final void set(V value) {    if (value != InternalThreadLocalMap.UNSET) {        InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap = InternalThreadLocalMap.get();        setKnownNotUnset(threadLocalMap, value);    } else {        remove();    }}public final V get() {    InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap = InternalThreadLocalMap.get();    Object v = threadLocalMap.indexedVariable(index);// 直接定位    if (v != InternalThreadLocalMap.UNSET) {        return (V) v;    }    return initialize(threadLocalMap);}public Object indexedVariable(int index) {    Object[] lookup = indexedVariables;    return index < lookup.length? lookup[index] : UNSET;}// InternalThreadLocalMap.get()public static InternalThreadLocalMap get() {    Thread thread = Thread.currentThread();    // 判断当前Thread类型    if (thread instanceof FastThreadLocalThread) {        return fastGet((FastThreadLocalThread) thread);    } else {        return slowGet();    }}private static InternalThreadLocalMap fastGet(FastThreadLocalThread thread) {    // FastThreadLocalThread继承Thread,额外有InternalThreadLocalMap类型属性    InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap = thread.threadLocalMap();    if (threadLocalMap == null) {        thread.setThreadLocalMap(threadLocalMap = new InternalThreadLocalMap());    }    return threadLocalMap;}private static InternalThreadLocalMap slowGet() {    // 普通Thread无InternalThreadLocalMap,但有ThreadLocal属性,在它里面存InternalThreadLocalMap等于间接有了InternalThreadLocalMap    ThreadLocal<InternalThreadLocalMap> slowThreadLocalMap = UnpaddedInternalThreadLocalMap.slowThreadLocalMap;    InternalThreadLocalMap ret = slowThreadLocalMap.get();    if (ret == null) {        ret = new InternalThreadLocalMap();        slowThreadLocalMap.set(ret);    }    return ret;}

也就是说,如果是普通Thread使用FastThreadLocal,则需要先拿到ThreadLocal对象,然后再get到里面存的InternalThreadLocalMap。这一get过程完全是ThreadLocal的get,也需要执行hash碰撞&getEntryAfterMiss等逻辑。(有的地方称之为退化

posted @ 2022-03-04 15:38 yejg1212 阅读(1) 评论(0) 编辑 收藏 举报
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